In essence, scientists thought that the brain simply shut down during sleep, only to restart again when morning came.
REM sleep was further described by researchers including William Dement and Michel Jouvet. Adrian R. Morrison, "The Discovery of REM sleep: the death knell of the passive theory of sleep", in Mallick et al, eds. Robert P. Vertes (1986), "A Life-Sustaining Function for REM Sleep: A Theory", Rasch & Born (2013), "About Sleep's Role in Memory", p. 686. [90] The amount of REM sleep and cycling varies among animals; predators experience more REM sleep than prey. As sleep cycles continue, they shift towards a higher proportion of REM sleep. [16][17] The eye movements themselves may relate to the sense of vision experienced in the dream,[33] but a direct relationship remains to be clearly established.
[78], Ioannis Tsoukalas of Stockholm University has hypothesized that REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. 1953. Frontal and posterior areas are less coherent in most frequencies, a fact which has been cited in relation to the chaotic experience of dreaming. Following a nap, having dissipated some of the accumulated sleep drive, many people report feeling better able to stay awake and alert in the late afternoon and evening. Interestingly, during REM sleep muscles in the arms and legs are temporarily paralyzed. While the precise function of REM sleep is not well understood, several theories have been proposed. A lack of REM sleep may have adverse implications for physical and emotional health.
Steriade, Mircea, & Robert W. McCarley (1990). [14], Neural activity during REM sleep seems to originate in the brain stem, especially the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus. The proportion of REM sleep then decreases significantly in childhood.
Withdrawal causes a REM rebound. James T. McKenna, Lichao Chen, & Robert McCarley, "Neuronal models of REM-sleep control: evolving concepts"; in Mallick et al. Research suggests that when people are unable to enter REM sleep, they have difficulty remembering what they were taught before falling asleep. In this phase of sleep, breathing can become fast and irregular. Because the muscles are immobilized yet the brain is very active, this stage of sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep. It takes up about 25 percent of your sleep cycle. Many animals and some people tend to wake, or experience a period of very light sleep, for a short time immediately after a bout of REM.
Hormones are released and energy stores are replenished. Electrical and chemical activity regulating this phase seems to originate in the brain stem and is characterized most notably by an abundance of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, combined with a nearly complete absence of monoamine neurotransmitters histamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Video and Transcript, Thought recording and reproduction device, Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapid_eye_movement_sleep&oldid=981946328, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [40], Body temperature is not well regulated during REM sleep, and thus organisms become more sensitive to temperatures outside their thermoneutral zone. Any longer and there is a risk of falling into deep sleep and having a difficult time waking. The onset of the first REM sleep period – which usually occurs 90 minutes after falling asleep – was “significantly delayed at all doses.”. The second stage, or N2, which is signaled by sleep spindles and/or K complexes in the EEG recording, comes next and generally lasts 10 to 25 minutes. It was generally accepted that as night fell and sensory inputs from the environment diminished, so too did brain function. The first is light sleep and in this stage, you drift in and out of sleep. [62][87] Sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis much as antidepressants do, but whether this effect is driven by REM sleep in particular is unknown.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep: You generally enter REM sleep about 90 minutes after initially falling asleep, and each REM stage can last up to an hour. This may be related to changes in the structure and function of the brain.
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